Recent Studies: Xanthone Measurement :: Xanthone Bioavailability :: Structure Function

Structure Function Claim Research

The early research on the whole mangosteen fruit and its numerous nutritional components is both promising and precise. Feel like digging in? Here's a snapshot—just a small sample—of the studies that back the impressive edge of whole mangosteen formulation and supplementation.

• Neutralizes Free Radicals
• Supports a Healthy Cardiovascular System
• Supports Cartilage and Joint Function
• Strengthens the Immune System
• Promotes a Healthy Seasonal Respiratory System
• Maintains Intestinal Health
• Other Supportive Papers

1. Neutralizes Free Radicals*

a. Catechins

1. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47: 3967-3973 (1999). "Tea catechin supplementation increases antioxidant capacity and prevents phospholipid hydroperoxidation in plasma of humans".

b. Proanthocyanidins

1. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1997; 95:179-189. "Oxygen free radical scavenging abilities of vitamin C and E, and a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in vitro".
2. Gen Pharmacol 1998; 30:771-776. "Protective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins and selected antioxidants against TPA-induced hepatic and brain lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation, and peritoneal macrophage activation in mice".

c. Xanthones

1. Med Princ Pract. 2006; 15(4):281-7. "Antioxidative and neuroprotective activities of extracts from the fruit hull of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.)".

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2. Supports a Healthy Cardiovascular System*

a. Catechins

1. Journal of Nutrition. 2001; 131:27-32. "Tea Catechins prevent the development of Atherosclerosis in Apoprotein E-deficient Mice."
2. Journal of Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 2020-2025. "Regeneration of alpha-tocopherol in human low-density lipoprotein by green tea catechin".
3. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 302 (2003) 409-414. ((-)-Epigallocatechin-(3)-gallate prevents oxidative damage in both the aqueous and lipid compartments of human plasma."
4. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997; 66:261-6. "Effect of tea flavonoid supplementation on the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidative modification."
5. BioFactors 13 (2000) 55-59. "Absorption, metabolism and antioxidative effects of tea catechin in humans."
6. Free Radic Biol Med. 2006 May 15; 40(10):1756-75. "Epigallocathechin-3 gallate inhibits cardiac hypertrophy through blocking reactive oxidative species-dependent and independent signal pathways."
7. Int J Cardiol. 2006 Apr 14; 108(3):301-8. "All teas are not created equal: the Chinese green tea and cardiovascular health."

b. Proanthocyanidins

1. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 75, No. 5, 894-899, May 2002. "Grape Seed proanthocyanidins improved cardiac recovery during reperfusion after ischemia in isolated rat hearts".
2. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 May; 957:78-89. "Vasodilating procyanidins derived from grape seeds".
3. Pharmacol Res. 2003 Jun; 47(6):463-9. "Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract attenuates oxidant injury in cardiomyocytes".
4. Mutation Research 523-524 (2003) 87-97. "Molecular Mechanisms of cardio protection by a novel grape seed proanthocyanidin extract".
5. Mutat Res. 2003 Feb-Mar; 523-524:87-97. "Molecular mechanisms of cardio protection by a novel grape seed proanthocyanidin extract".
6. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Dec 18; 50(26):7720-5. "Grape seed proanthocyanidins prevent plasma postprandial oxidative stress in humans".
7. Metabolism. 2003 Oct; 52(10):1250-7. "Effect of a standardized grape seed extract on low-density lipoprotein susceptibility to oxidation in heavy smokers".
8. Life Sci. 2003 Oct 17; 73(22):2883-98. "Procyanidins from grape seed protect endothelial cells from peroxynitrite damage and enhance endothelium-dependent relaxation in human artery: new evidences for cardio-protection".
9. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2005 Feb; 49(2):159-74. "Dietary proanthocyanidins: occurrence, dietary intake, bioavailability, and protection against cardiovascular disease".

c. Xanthones

1. Cadiovasc Drug Rev. 2004 summer; 22(2):91-102. "Pharmacological effects of xanthones as a cardiovascular protective agents".
2. Free Radic Res. 1995/08// 1995; 23(2):175-184. "Mangostin inhibits the oxidative modification of human low density lipoprotein".

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3. Supports Cartilage and Joint Function*

a. Catechins

1. Connect Tissue Res. 1977; 5(1):51-8. "Osteogenesis imperfecta: morphological, historchemical and biochemical aspects. Modifications induced by (+)-catechin".

b. Proanthocyanidins

1. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2001 Dec; 22(12):1117-20. "Anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of proanthocyanidins from grape seed".
2. Mol Cell Biochem. 2001 Jan; 216(1-2):1-7. "Regulation of inducible adhesion molecule expression in human endothelial cells by grape seed proanthocyanidin extract".
3. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2005 May; 40(5):406-9. "Effect of proanthocyanidins on COX-2 enzyme activity and COX-2 mRNA/protein expression in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells".
4. Orv Hetil. 2004 May 30; 145(22):1177-81. "Microcirculatory changes in patients with chronic venous and lymphatic insufficiency and heavy leg symptoms before and after therapy with procyanidol oligomers (laser-Doppler study".
5. Nutr Res 2000; 20:249-259. "Pycnogenol inhibits generation of inflammatory mediators in macrophages".
6. Pharmazie 1997; 52:380-382. "Anti-inflammatory activities of procyanidin-containing extracts from Pinus pinaster Ait. After oral and cutaneous application".
7. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2001; 22:1117-1120. "Anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of proanthocyanidins from grape seeds".

c. Xanthones

1. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 25(9) 1137-1141 (2002). "Inhibitions of histamine release and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by Mangosteen, a Thai Medicinal Plant".
2. Mol Pharmacol 66:667-674, 2004. "Gamma Mangostin inhibits inhibitor-KB kinase activity and decreases lipopolysaccharide-induced Cyclooxygenase-2 Gene expression in C6 Rat glioma cells".
3. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology Vol 18, August 1980. pp. 843-846. "Effect of Mangostin, a Xanthone from Garcinia mangostana L. in immunopathological & inflammatory reactions".

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4. Strengthens the Immune System*

a. Catechins

1. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine Volume 12, Number 7, 2006, pp. 669-672. "Gargling with tea catechin extracts for the prevention of influenza infection in elderly nursing home residents: A prospective clinical study."
2. International Journal of Immunopharmacology 14:1399-1407 (1992). "Mitogenic activity of (-) epigallocatechin gallate on B-cells and investigation of its structure-function relationship".
3. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 42: 211-216 (1998). "The effect of a component of tea (Camellia sinensis) on methicillin resistance, PBPE' synthesis, and Beta-lactamase production in Staphylococcus aureus".
4. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1147:132-136 (1993). "Bactericidal catechins damage the lipid bilayer".
5. Medicinal Research Reviews 17: 327-365 (1997). "Chemoprotection: a review of the potential therapeutic anti-oxidant properties of green tea (Camellia sinensis) and certain of its constituents".

b. Xanthones

1. J Med Assoc Thai 80(suppl 1):S149-S154 (1997). "Immunopharmacological activity of polysaccharide from the pericarp of mangosteen garcinia: Phagocytic intracellular killing activities".
2. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005; 11(6):510-512. "Activity of medicinal plant extracts against hospital isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus".
3. Phytomedicine. 2005; 12(3):203-208. "Antibacterial activity of alpha-mangostin against vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) and synergism with antibiotics".

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5. Promotes a Healthy Seasonal Respiratory System*

1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Jun; 317(3):1002-11. "Epigallocatechin-3-gallate reduces allergen-induced asthma-like reaction in sensitized guinea pigs".
2. FEBS Lett. 2006 Mar 20; 580(7):1883-90. "Epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects toluene diisocyanate-induced airway inflammation in murine model asthma".

a. Proanthocyanidins

1. Med Food 2001; 4:201-209. "Pycnogenol in the management of asthma".

b. Xanthones

1. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2003 Jul; 51(7):857-9. "Antimycobacterial activity of prenylated xanthones from the fruits of Garcinia mangostana".

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6. Maintains Intestinal Health*

a. Proanthocyanidins

1. Biofactors 2000; 13(1-4):115-20. "Proanthocyanidins and human health: systemic effects and local effects in the gut".

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7. Other Supportive Papers:

a. Catechins

1. Clinical Cancer Research Vol. 9, 3312-3319, August 2003. "Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Green Tea Polyphenols after Multiple-Dose Administration of Epigallocatechin Gallate and Polyphenon E in Healthy Individuals."
2. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 225:32-38 (2000). "Catechins Delay Lipid Oxidation and alpha-Tocopherol and beta-Carotene Depletion Following Ascorbate Depletion in Human Plasma."
3. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 81, No. 1, 243S-255S, January 2005. "Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. II. Review of 93 intervention studies."
4. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 25, No. 2, 79-99 (2006). "Beneficial Effects of Green Tea-A Review."
5. Journal of Endourol. 2006 May; 20(5):356-61. "Effects of green tea on urinary stone formation: an in vivo and in vitro study."

b. Proanthocyanidins

1. Food Chemistry, 2002; 76:69-75. "An investigation of antioxidant capacity of fruits in Singapore markets".
2. Biofactors. 2004; 21(1-4):197-201. "The antioxidative function, preventive action on disease and utilization of proanthocyanidins".
3. J Med Food. 2003 winter; 6(4):291-9. "Polyphenolics in grape seeds-biochemistry and functionality".
4. Curr Med Chem. 2004 May; 11(10):1345-59. "Proanthocyanidins in health care: current and new trends".
5. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2002 May; 957:260-70. "Cellular protection with proanthocyanidins derived from grape seeds".
6. N. Nutr. 134:613-617 March 2004. "Concentrations of Proanthocyanidins in Common Foods and Estimations of Normal Consumption".
7. Med Sci Monit, 2006; 12(4):BR124-129. "Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract (GSPE) and antioxidant defense in the brain of adult rats".
8. Alternative Medicine Review Vol. 5 Number 2 2000:144-151. "Oligomeric Proanthocyanidin Complexes: History, Structure, and Phytopharmaceutical Applications".

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*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food & Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

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